Biotic stresses associated with pests, pathogens and weeds represent a major threat to agricultural production and food security.

In fact, these constraints are leading to considerable qualitative and quantitative yields losses. In recent years, these losses have been estimated at 40%, affecting both crop yields and losses during storage.

Added to this are abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity and unfavorable temperatures, which are the main causes of the deterioration in average crop yields of more than 50%.

The challenge of food security and sovereignty can therefore be met by a better crop protection.

For years, crop protection in intensive production has been based on the use of chemical pesticides, but in modern farming systems, for healthy and sustainable agriculture aimed restoring natural cycles, the development of pathogens and pests alternative control methods is promoted.

Such an objective requires accurate identification of the bio-aggressor as well as knowledge of its interaction with its host and its environment. Identification uses both standard morphological and biochemical methods, as well as molecular techniques.

Furthermore, effective pest and disease management cannot be achieved by adopting a single control method, as each approach has its own limitations. Adopting a strategy based on a combination of biological, chemical and agricultural methods, as well as host resistance (varietal resistance), would be more effective.

Moreover, in recent years, the climate change effects have been increasingly noticeable, making it necessary to constantly monitor the various pests and diseases distribution.